The term imperialism implies the extension of the dominion of one country over others. The country that conquers is the metropolis and the conquered territories are the colonies. This practice, which dates back to antiquity and acquired great relevance between the 15th and 18th centuries, reached its peak during the last third of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th century. If in previous centuries the countries with colonial empires were Spain, Portugal, the United Kingdom, France and Holland, in the 19th century the British Empire became the main protagonist, extending its dominance over 20% of the earth’s surface and about a quarter of the world’s population.
Imperialism: causes
The imperialist powers conquered or annexed most of the world. While in 1800 35% of the earth’s land depended on Europe and the United States, in 1914 this percentage was 84%. It could be said that Europe was the master of the world. How was arrive to this situation? The causes are diverse.
Economic causes
In part, imperialism was a consequence of the Industrial Revolution. Faced with the increase in production and wealth, the colonies became profitable markets for the metropolises where they could sell their production without having to pay customs fees. They were also spaces where they could invest their capital, through the construction of public works, such as railways and ports. In addition, the metropolises colonized those territories rich in natural resources, which offered cheap raw materials for their industries.
Demographic causes
In western countries the population grew intensely in the 19th century. Millions of Europeans migrated to the colonies seeking new opportunities. This lessened the problems of unemployment and social unrest in the metropolises. Improvements in transportation (steamships, rail) made travel easier.
Religious causes
Imperialism was justified in many cases by the desire to Christianize peoples who preserved their own religions. The missionary work of the Catholic and Protestant Church was of great importance: missions were founded in Asia, Africa and Oceania.
Political causes
The powers conquered certain places that were strategic to control important sea and land routes. For example, the United Kingdom considered it essential to dominate Egypt to control the routes between Europe and India. Territorial expansion also served to increase the prestige of a country in the world and strengthen national pride among its population.
Ideological causes
The feeling of superiority of the white race and the ideal of civilizing peoples that they considered backward also drove colonial expansion. In the West, during the 19th century, racist ideologies were very powerful. Westerners were convinced that the white race was superior and that this gave them the right to dominate other peoples, whom they believed inferior.
Scientific causes
Scientific curiosity also contributed to the momentum of conquests. In the United Kingdom, France, the United States and Germany geographic societies were created that carried out scientific expeditions around the planet. Once a territory had been explored, the country that had organized the expedition had the right to conquer and exploit it.
Multicausality.
Imperialism: consequences
Economic exploitation
The metropolises exploited the natural resources of the colonies for their own benefit. An economy based on plantation agriculture and the exploitation of the mineral wealth of its subsoil (gold, diamonds, coal …) was imposed. The native populations were dispossessed of their lands by private companies from the metropolis, which created large plantations of coffee, tea and rubber.
The metropolises had no interest in developing the industry of the colonies and the local artisans did not resist the competition of European industrial products, so they were impoverished. The indigenous people were converted into cheap labor that worked on the plantations and in the mines in conditions similar to slavery.
The colonizers built transport infrastructures, such as ports and railways, to carry out their activities, but these did not benefit all the colonies, which remained poorly communicated with each other.
The social and cultural effects
The introduction of Western sanitary practices made it possible to reduce the mortality of indigenous populations. However, the birth rate remained high, which caused a notable increase in the population, which resulted in frequent famines.
Colonization caused the breakdown of traditional society. The colonizers occupied the highest levels of colonial society: they controlled the economy and held high positions. The indigenous people, considered inferior, were marginalized: they were forced to live in separate neighborhoods, they were prohibited from entering certain places, etc. In some regions, like Australia and New Zealand, they were even systematically exterminated.
The diffusion of Western ways of life in the colonies originated a deep crisis of autochthonous cultures, giving rise to a phenomenon of acculturation, that is, of loss of one’s own culture due to the imposition of another. Indigenous elites studied at European universities and became Westernized.
